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Henry Petroski's previous bestsellers have delighted readers with intriguing stories about the engineering marvels around us, from the lowly pencil to the soaring suspension bridge. In this book, Petroski delves deeper into the mystery of invention, to explore what everyday artifacts and sophisticated networks can reveal about the way engineers solve problems.
Engineering entails more than knowing the way things work. What do economics and ecology, aesthetics and ethics, have to do with the shape of a paper clip, the tab of a beverage can, the cabin design of a turbojet, or the course of a river? How do the idiosyncrasies of individual engineers, companies, and communities leave their mark on projects from Velcro® to fax machines to waterworks?Invention by Design offers an insider's look at these political and cultural dimensions of design and development, production and construction.
Readers unfamiliar with engineering will find Petroski's enthusiasm contagious, whether the topic is the genesis of the Ziploc baggie or the averted collapse of Manhattan's sleekest skyscraper. And those who inhabit the world of engineering will discover insights to challenge their customary perspective, whether their work involves failure analysis, systems design, or public relations. Written with the flair that readers have come to expect from his books, Invention by Design reaffirms Petroski as the master explicator of the principles and processes that turn thoughts into the many things that define our made world.
- Sales Rank: #14977808 in Books
- Published on: 2000-10
- Original language: English
- Dimensions: 9.50" h x 6.25" w x 1.00" l,
- Binding: Turtleback
From Library Journal
Petroski (The Pencil, LJ 3/1/90) has done much to make the nerdy world of engineering interesting and accessible to the reader. Here, he's after a different audience, one interested in the philosophy and cultural study of the process of invention. By examining the relationship between the invention of devices and their refinement over time by others, Petroski identifies design principles that engineers use to make things work. Written as a series of case studies ranging from the paper clip to the zipper to the FAX machine to the Boeing 777, this book is engaging but tends to instruct rather than entertain. Little exercises that ask the reader to, say, imagine refinements to the basic plastic sandwich bag hint at this book's history as an engineering course curriculum, but it's still good reading for those interested in the gestalt of engineering design. Quotations and illustrations from patent applications are particularly fascinating and are used well. For popular science collections.?Mark L. Shelton, Univ. of Massachusetts Medical Ctr., Worcester
Copyright 1996 Reed Business Information, Inc.
From Booklist
Want to invent a new paper clip? A new mode of electronic communication? You'll succeed only if you can meet the types of challenges Petroski identifies in this lucid and lively book. Readers with no ambitions of becoming inventors will still take a keen interest in these case studies of engineers who, by dint of ingenuity and persistence, have created important new structures or devices. Whether designing something as small as a pencil or as large as the World Trade Center, successful engineers must not only devise new technology but also find a way to situate that technology within the existing economic, social, and ecological order. Every case study includes well-chosen pictures and schematic drawings to clarify how inventors resolve technical difficulties, and the carefully researched text explains how they make their new creations economically feasible and socially acceptable. Students of technology will delight in one part of the book, cultural historians in another, but both groups will praise the author. Bryce Christensen
From Kirkus Reviews
A look at the engineering principles behind ordinary objects and processes by the author of the bestsellers The Evolution of Useful Things (1992) and The Pencil (1989). Petroski is, essentially, a cheerleader for civil engineers, who are at their most successful when their designs blend so completely into our environment that we forget about the magnificent achievements they represent. Here Petroski takes a look at the development of such things as pencils, zippers, paper clips, the fax machine, turbojet aircraft, suspension bridges, aluminum beverage cans, and the systems that heat and cool modern buildings. Since he has written before about the history of lead pencils, zippers, and paper clips, he tries this time to turn his emphasis more toward the engineering process involved in developing the object, but many readers will feel that he's merely recapitulating earlier work. (On the other hand, his chapter on the pencil nicely summarizes an entire book, saving new readers some time.) Petroski writes interestingly on the aluminum beverage can, but a widely circulated Scientific American article, which he draws from, covered this ground more succinctly and with more authority in 1994 and is still widely available on the Internet. On the grand if exotic subject of sewers and water management, civil engineering's greatest triumph and, arguably, the greatest achievement of the Roman and later the British empires, Petroski, oddly, loses his popularizer's touch, taking a historical perspective that never escapes the tone of a summary. Perhaps this subject deserves a book all its own. On the fax machine, however, and particularly on the development of the Boeing 777, Petroski flies to his customary heights. Petroski once again goes where many have gone before, this time with mixed results. Not his best effort, but pleasant, readable, and persuasive, nonetheless. -- Copyright ©1996, Kirkus Associates, LP. All rights reserved.
Most helpful customer reviews
22 of 24 people found the following review helpful.
Well Worth Reading
By Bill Bazik
The author of this book starts out by saying, "As simple as familiar objects may seem at first glance, their conception, development, manufacturing and marketing may pose great difficulties". He goes on to prove that this is true by citing the histories of some very familiar items.
His first example is the ordinary paper clip. Literally hundreds of improvement patents have been issued, yet it is still not "perfected". The most common clip was given its present form by a company called Gem Ltd. in the last century and is still referred to in the industry as the "Gem" clip. Inventors are still trying to overcome its negative features. The author lists several shortcomings such as its tendency to tear paper, requiring its loops to be spread when clipping on, and its habit of slipping off thick stacks of paper.
Next he considers the common wood-cased pencil. When wax was added to the lead for smoother writing and added to the wood for easier sharpening, the lead often separated from the wood and would break when the pencil was used or even when dropped. Etching the lead surface and coating it with a suitable chemical solved this problem. However, overcoming the BOPP (Broken-Off Pencil Point) problem has not been as easy. Understanding why points fracture as they do is far from as simple as you might think.
His next case history is that of the zipper. In patent literature, they go back to 1851! The description of its evolution is fascinating. There is a great sketch of the tooling that applies the zipper teeth to the fabric.
The author notes how ideas often come unexpectedly -- but usually to individuals who can see the idea's potential. He relates how de Mestral, after walking his dog in the Alpine woodlands, saw cockleburs on his trousers and on his dog's fur -- and saw the potential for what became Velcro.
Yet another captivating case history is the section on plastic zippers. He details the story from an inventor in Denmark, to British investors, to refugees from Romania, to a Japanese inventor who extruded tubular film with grips -- which became the familiar Ziplock.
The author notes how the acronym, MAYA, has become the buzz term for designers. It stands for Most Advanced Yet Acceptable. In other words, if your invention is too different from present designs, it may not find acceptance.
The history of aluminum cans provides fodder for another exciting chapter. Here is a product that must use a very minimum of material and still safely resist 100 pounds per square inch of pressure. However, it must readily "fail" when the pop-top is actuated. Some 100 billion(!) beverage cans are made each year. Think what a design savings of a few percent of aluminum would be worth to the industry.
The sketch of Alexander Bain's facsimile machine of 1843 will shake up those who think the fax machine is the latest thing in technology. In this rundown on the evolution of the fax, the author notes how consumers often decide the winning technology. He cites the victory of the VHS video cassette over the technically better (picture quality) of the Beta cassette.
When inventing and engineering, the human factor must never be forgotten. A computer-controlled airplane crashed because a pilot mistook a rate-of-descent display reading of 33 for 3.3!
That an art is old and simple does not mean design caution is not required. A Roman aquaduct in 97 AD delivered 40 million gallons of water daily to Rome. Yet when New York's World Trade Center, 110 stories high, was completed in 1973, it was found that the water pressure was not high enough to properly flush toilets on the observation deck!
There are no equations or computations in this book -- it is an easy read. It beautifully conveys the lesson that there are no "simple" inventions -- and no such thing as "routine" designing.
14 of 16 people found the following review helpful.
Very Interesting, but a bit slow and drawn out.
By Aaron C. Artrip
Invention by design is a complex book written about simple everyday things we use. Things like paper clips, aluminum cans, mechanical pencils, zippers, airplanes, bridges, and more. The Author, Henry Petroski did a very good job on writing about all of these objects. The book goes on to explain the nature of the design, engineering, and concepts put behind the objects.
Pros: Very Interesting
Good information
Very Descriptive
Ideas and concepts never thought of to be use in the
everyday items.
Cons: Very Slow and Drawn out.
At times can be a bit boring
Overall Review: A- book. Many good facts and alot of useful
information. A tiny bit slow, but overall, a good
read.
Recommendations: I would recommend this book to a friend who may
be interested in any basic form of Engineering,
like myself.
16 of 21 people found the following review helpful.
A very enjoyable and great teaching book!
By Mary P. Smith
Want to know the facts behind the everyday things we use? Invention by Design, by Henry Petroski, is a very interesting book. It explains how items used by people daily were thought of and created. This book explains how familiar items such as paper clips, aluminum cans, zippers, mechanical pencils, bridges, buildings, and more were constructed. Invention by Design also describes how certain inventions and constructions were improved though the years by different inventors and engineers.
I thought this book was very good and interesting, especially since I enjoy studying and learning about mechanical, civil, and architectural engineering. I would recommend this book to anyone, but someone with no interest in engineering may not find this book to be very enjoyable. On a ten point scale I would give Invention by Design an eight. I give it an eight because some objects that Petroski describes are not very complex, and in my opinion not worth discussing. That made certain parts of this book a little boring.
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